1. Differentiate between functional and non-functional requirements.

Functional Requirements: Describe what the system should do.[cite: 14] Focus on features and functions.[cite: 14] Example: User can login with username and password.[cite: 14]

Non-Functional Requirements: Describe how the system works.[cite: 14] Focus on performance, speed, and security.[cite: 14] Example: System should load within 3 seconds.[cite: 14]

2. Explain why the testing phase is important in SDLC. Give two reasons.

The testing phase is important because it checks whether the software works correctly before delivery.[cite: 14] Testing improves software quality and reliability.[cite: 14]

Two reasons:

1. It finds and fixes errors (bugs).[cite: 14]
2. It ensures the software meets user requirements.[cite: 14]

3. Explain Continuous Integration in Agile and its importance.

Continuous Integration (CI) is a process where developers regularly merge their code into a shared system.[cite: 14] The system automatically builds and tests the code.[cite: 14]

Importance:

• Detects integration errors early.[cite: 14]
• Improves code quality.[cite: 14]
• Saves development time.[cite: 14]

Example: Developers upload code daily to GitHub and it is tested automatically.[cite: 14]

4. Explain the main steps in risk assessment and management and their importance.

Main Steps: 1. Identify the risk.[cite: 14] 2. Analyze the risk.[cite: 14] 3. Plan a solution.[cite: 14] 4. Monitor the risk.[cite: 14]

Importance:

• Reduces project failure.[cite: 14]
• Helps complete project on time.[cite: 14]
• Protects cost and quality of software.[cite: 14]

5. Describe the Factory Pattern and how it differs from directly creating objects.

The Factory Pattern is a design pattern used to create objects without specifying the exact class.[cite: 14] Instead of creating objects directly using new, a factory method creates them.[cite: 14]

Difference: Instead of using new directly, a factory method decides which class to instantiate.[cite: 14]

Example: A shape factory creates Circle or Square objects depending on user input.[cite: 14]

1. Explain the purpose of using comments in Python code.

Comments are used to explain the code.[cite: 14] They make the program easy to understand.[cite: 14] Comments are not executed by the computer.[cite: 14] In Python, comments start with #.[cite: 14]

2. Describe the difference between integer and float data types in Python. Provide an example of each.

Integer (int) stores whole numbers without decimal point.[cite: 14] Example: age = 18[cite: 14]

Float stores numbers with decimal point.[cite: 14] Example: price = 99.5[cite: 14]

3. Define operator precedence and give an example of an expression where operator precedence affects the result.

Operator precedence means the order in which operations are performed in an expression.[cite: 14] Multiplication and division are done before addition and subtraction.[cite: 14]

Example: (3+4)*2=14 (parentheses first), while 3+4*2=11 (multiplication first).[cite: 14]

4. How does the short-hand if-else statement differ from the regular if-else statement?

Regular if-else uses multiple lines of code.[cite: 14] Short-hand if-else is written in one line.[cite: 14] It makes code shorter and simple.[cite: 14]

Example (Short-hand): print(“Pass”) if marks >= 40 else print(“Fail”)[cite: 14]

5. Explain how default parameters work in Python functions.

A default parameter has a fixed value in the function definition.[cite: 14] If no value is given during function call, the default value is used.[cite: 14]

Example: def greet(name=”Ali”)[cite: 14] If no name is given, it will use “Ali”.[cite: 14]

6. Explain why modular programming is useful in Python.

Modular programming divides a program into small parts called modules.[cite: 14] It makes the program easy to understand and manage.[cite: 14] It also allows code reuse and reduces errors.[cite: 14]

1. Differentiate between well-defined and ill-defined problems within the realm of computational problem-solving.

Well-defined problems:

• Have clear input, output, and steps.[cite: 14]
• Solution method is clearly known.[cite: 14]
• Example: Finding the sum of two numbers.[cite: 14]

Ill-defined problems:

• Do not have clear goals or steps.[cite: 14]
• Solution is not clearly defined.[cite: 14]
• Example: How to become successful.[cite: 14]

2. Outline the main steps involved in the Generate and Test algorithm.

Main steps of Generate and Test:

1. Generate a possible solution.[cite: 14]
2. Test the solution.[cite: 14]
3. If correct, stop.[cite: 14]
4. If not correct, generate another solution.[cite: 14]

It repeats until the correct solution is found.[cite: 14]

3. Compare tractable and intractable problems in the context of computational complexity.

Tractable problems:

• Can be solved in reasonable time.[cite: 14]
• Polynomial time (P class)[cite: 14]
• Have efficient algorithms.[cite: 14]
• Example: Searching a number in a list.[cite: 14]

Intractable problems:

• Take very long time to solve.[cite: 14]
• Require high computational power.[cite: 14]
• Example: Traveling Salesman Problem for many cities.[cite: 14]

4. Summarize the key idea behind Greedy Algorithms.

Greedy Algorithms solve problems by choosing the optimal option at each step.[cite: 14] They hope that local optimal choice gives global optimal result.[cite: 14] They do not think about future steps.[cite: 14]

5. Discuss the advantages of using Dynamic Programming.

Advantages of Dynamic Programming:

• Saves time by storing previous results.[cite: 14]
• Avoids repeated calculations.[cite: 14]
• Gives efficient solution for complex problems.[cite: 14]

6. Compare the advantages of Breadth-First Search (BFS) with Depth-First Search (DFS) in graph traversal.

BFS: finds shortest path in unweighted graphs, explores level by level.[cite: 14] Good for shallow graphs.[cite: 14]

DFS: uses less memory for deep graphs, can find solutions faster if goal is deep, useful for topological sorting and cycle detection.[cite: 14]

7. Explain the importance of breaking down a problem into smaller components in algorithmic thinking.

Breaking a problem into smaller parts makes it easier to understand and solve.[cite: 14] It reduces complexity.[cite: 14] It helps in designing efficient algorithms.[cite: 14] Example: Divide and Conquer method.[cite: 14]

8. Identify the key factors used to evaluate the performance of an algorithm.

The main factors are:

1. Time Complexity – How much time the algorithm takes.[cite: 14]
2. Space Complexity – How much memory it uses.[cite: 14]

1. Explain how the ‘ extend() ‘ function works in python lists. Provide an example.

insert(index, item) adds an item at a specified position in the list.[cite: 14] Elements after that index shift right.[cite: 14]

Example:
party_list = [“Buy drinks”, “Buy decorations”]
party_list.insert(0, “Invite friends”)
print(party_list) # [‘Invite friends’, ‘Buy drinks’, ‘Buy decorations’][cite: 14]

2. Explain the potential issues which could arise when two variables reference the same list in a program? Provide an example.

If two variables refer to the same list, changing one variable also changes the other.[cite: 14] This may cause unexpected results.[cite: 14]

Example:
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
b.append(4)
print(a) # [1, 2, 3, 4] (a is also changed)[cite: 14]

3. Define a stack and explain the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle.

A stack is a data structure where elements are added and removed from the top.[cite: 14] It follows LIFO (Last-In, First-Out).[cite: 14] This means the last item added is removed first.[cite: 14] Example: Stack of books.[cite: 14]

4. Differentiate between the Enqueue and Dequeue operations of queue.

Enqueue: Adds an element at the end (rear) of the queue.[cite: 14]

Dequeue: Removes an element from the front of the queue.[cite: 14]

Queue follows FIFO (First-In, First-Out).[cite: 14]

5. Name two basic operations performed on stack

The two basic operations are:

1. Push – Adds an element to the top of stack.[cite: 14]
2. Pop – Removes an element from the top of stack.[cite: 14]

6. What is difference between enqueue () and dequeue.

Same as Question-4[cite: 14]

1. List two types of data visualizations and describe when you would use each.

1. Bar Chart: A bar chart is used to compare different categories.[cite: 14] We use it when we want to compare values of different groups.[cite: 14] Example: Comparing number of students in different classes.[cite: 14]

2. Line Graph: A line graph is used to show changes over time.[cite: 14] We use it when we want to see trends.[cite: 14] Example: Showing monthly sales of a shop.[cite: 14]

2. How does visualizing data help in understanding descriptive statistics?

Data visualization helps us understand data easily by showing it in graphs and charts.[cite: 14] It makes patterns, trends, and differences clear.[cite: 14] It helps to quickly understand mean, spread, and comparison of data.[cite: 14] For example, a graph can clearly show which value is highest or lowest.[cite: 14]

1. What is edge computing and how does it benefit data processing?

Edge computing is a technology where data is processed near the source (edge) instead of a central cloud server.[cite: 14]

Benefits:

• Reduces delay (low latency).[cite: 14]
• Faster data processing.[cite: 14]
• Saves internet bandwidth.[cite: 14]

2. Describe the concept of serverless architectures.

Serverless architecture is a cloud computing model where developers run applications without managing servers.[cite: 14] The cloud provider automatically handles server management.[cite: 14]

3. What advantages do serverless architectures offer to developers?

Advantages:

• No need to manage servers.[cite: 14]
• Automatic scaling.[cite: 14]
• Pay only for what you use.[cite: 14]
• Faster development.[cite: 14]

4. How does edge computing improve the efficiency of autonomous vehicles?

Edge computing processes sensors and cameras data locally inside the vehicle, enabling instant decisions (e.g., braking, steering) without waiting for cloud responses, thus improving safety and reaction time.[cite: 14]

5. Differentiate between Elasticity and On-Demand access in cloud computing.

Elasticity: Resources increase or decrease automatically based on need.[cite: 14] Example: More servers during high traffic.[cite: 14]

On-Demand Access: Users can access cloud resources anytime when needed.[cite: 14] Example: Starting a virtual machine whenever required.[cite: 14]

1. Why is it important for users to understand Terms of Use?

Terms of Use define user rights, obligations, and legal safeguards.[cite: 14] Understanding them helps users protect their privacy, avoid misuse, and know how to seek redress.[cite: 14]

2. Differentiate between phishing and pharming.

Phishing: It is a fraud where attackers send fake emails or messages to steal personal information.[cite: 14] Example: Fake bank email asking for password.[cite: 14]

Pharming: It redirects users to a fake website even if they type the correct web address.[cite: 14] Example: Fake banking website created by hackers.[cite: 14]

3. What are the key steps involved in evaluating information sources?

Key steps:

1. Check the author and website credibility.[cite: 14]
2. Check the date of publication.[cite: 14]
3. Verify information from other trusted sources.[cite: 14]
4. Check for bias or false information.[cite: 14]

4. How does responsible data sharing contribute to ethical use of information?

Responsible data sharing means sharing accurate and legal information without harming others.[cite: 14] It protects privacy and respects intellectual property.[cite: 14] It prevents misuse of data.[cite: 14] This promotes honesty and ethical behavior.[cite: 14]

1. How can one ensure the reliability of information found through online research?

To ensure reliability:

• Check the author and website credibility.[cite: 14]
• Check the publication date.[cite: 14]
• Compare information with other trusted sources.[cite: 14]
• Avoid unknown or suspicious websites.[cite: 14]

2. Why is it important to evaluate the reliability of online sources?

It is important because not all online information is correct.[cite: 14] Some websites share false or biased information.[cite: 14] Evaluating sources helps avoid misinformation and wrong decisions.[cite: 14]

3. Why is it important to use specific keywords when searching for information online?

Specific keywords narrow down search results, reduce irrelevant information, and save time.[cite: 14] They help search engines retrieve more precise and relevant content.[cite: 14] Example: Searching “Python for loop example” instead of just “Python”.[cite: 14]

4. Describe the purpose of a trademark.

A trademark is a symbol, name, or logo used to identify a company or product.[cite: 14] It protects brand identity and prevents consumer confusion.[cite: 14]

5. How does copyright differ from patent protection?

Copyright protects original literary and artistic works (books, music, software) automatically upon creation.[cite: 14]

Patent protects inventions (processes, machines) and requires formal application and disclosure.[cite: 14] Patents prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention.[cite: 14]

1. Define entrepreneurship in your own words.

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting and managing a new business to earn profit.[cite: 14] It involves taking risks and introducing new ideas or products.[cite: 14]

2. What is the main focus of Design Thinking?

The main focus of Design Thinking is to solve problems by understanding the needs of users.[cite: 14] It encourages creative and practical solutions.[cite: 14]

3. List the key steps involved in creating a business plan.

Key steps:

1. Executive Summary[cite: 14]
2. Business Description[cite: 14]
3. Market Analysis[cite: 14]
4. Products/Services[cite: 14]
5. Marketing and Sales Strategy[cite: 14]
6. Financial Plan[cite: 14]
7. Operational Plan[cite: 14]

4. Why is market research important for a new business?

Market research helps to understand customer needs, and market trends and competitors.[cite: 14] It reduces business risk and helps in better decision-making.[cite: 14]

5. Explain the importance of a business pitch.

A business pitch is a short presentation of a business idea.[cite: 14] It clearly explains the idea and its benefits.[cite: 14] It is important to attract investors and gain support.[cite: 14]

6. How can storytelling benefit a business?

Storytelling helps to connect with customers emotionally.[cite: 14] It makes the brand memorable and builds trust.[cite: 14] It also helps explain the business idea clearly.[cite: 14]

7. Why is collaboration important in the entrepreneurial process?

Collaboration allows people to share ideas and skills.[cite: 14] It improves creativity and problem-solving.[cite: 14] Working together increases chances of business success.[cite: 14]